Postingan
| POETRY | FICTION | DRAMA | NON-FICTION | |
| TYPE OF WORKS | Narrative, Lyrical/ reflect-ive (soliloquy): Ballad (verse narrative), Sonnet (a lyric of fourteen lines), Ode (celebration of victory), Elegy lament of death) | Short story Novel Novella (novelet) | Tragedy Comedy Tragicomedy Melodrama Opera, etc. | Satire, Diary, Autobiography, Nature Writing, etc |
| LANGUAGE | Verse, Condensed | Prose (and dialogue) | Dialogue | Prose (dialogue) |
| AUTHOR’S VOICE | Direct, in the voice of the dramatic personae | Half-hidden, sometimes direct in the narration, now and then hidden behind the characters’ speeches. | Fully hidden behind the masks of the characters | Direct, Half-hidden |
| STRUCT. ELEMENTS | Speaker, plot of thought, tone of voice (mood), figurative language (simile, metaphor, personification, apostrophe, irony, paradox, imagery, symbols,) | Characters & characterization, setting of place and time, plot, point of view, style, and theme | Characters & characterization, scenery (setting of place and time), plot, theme (and costumes, lighting system, sound system) | Speaker, style, central purpose, central idea. |
NOVEL
An invented prose narrative, that is usually long and complex, and deals especially with the human experience through a usually connected sequence of events.
Short-story
l A brief prose fiction
l Restricted in character and situation and is concerned with a single, dynamic effect
l Usually falls between 2,000 and 10,000 words in length
l Began in the 19th Century with the works of Edgar Allan Poe and Guy de Maupassant
l Exponents: Henry James, O. Henry, E. T. A. Hoffmann, Chekhov, Kafka, D. H. Lawrence, Katherine Mansfield, Sherwood Anderson, Ernest Hemingway, Katherine
Anne Porter, John O'Hara, Flannery O'Connor, J. D. Salinger, John Cheever, John Updike, Donald Barthelme, and Raymond Carver.
Suggestions for Reading
l Read the story more than once
l First reading is for enjoyment
l Second reading is for comprehension
l Third reading is for analysis
l Do not stop before you finish the story
l Cope with the boredom and ignorance on the first part of the story
l Be sure that you get the tension or conflict that represents the appeals of the story
Structural Elements
Characters : imagined persons that inhibit a story; the agents (doers) of a story
Characterization: the qualities of characters
Setting : the background of the story
Plot : the arrangement of happenings
Point of view : the way of narrating the story
Style : the arrangement of words into sentences
Theme : the meaning of the story
Characters & Characterization
Characters
l Major: those frequently involved in the story
Minor: those that support the major characters
Characterization
l Rounded (complex)
Flat (simple
Identity of Characters
l Name:
l Sex:
l Age:
l Home:
l Education:
l Occupation:
l Marital Status:
l Religion:
l Political Interest:
Qualities of Characters
l Physical Qualities:
l Tall, white skinned, long brunet, hooked nose, etc
l Mental Qualities:
l Smart, intelligent, educated, wise, etc.
l Social Qualities:
l Warm, congenial, friendly, encouraging, etc.
l Moral Qualities:
l Honest, loyal, kind, moral, trustworthy, etc.
Setting
of Place
l Deals with WHERE the story takes place
l Frequently explicit, occasionally implicit
l Continent
l Country
l States
l City
l Other specific location
of Time
l Deals with WHEN the story takes place
l Sometimes explicit and occasionally implicit
l Age
l Century
l Year
l Month
l season
Plot Structure
Exposition:
l the setting forth of the beginning (introducing characters, places, or preparing for a particular event)
Complication:
l The tensions or conflicts (external & internal) in the story
Resolution:
l The outcome of the story
Traditional Plot Structure
Flash Back Plot Structure
Other Aspects of Plot
Causality:
l Cause-effect relationship: what happen earlier becomes the causes of what happen next
l a good novel or short story should be well-plotted in which the happenings are knitted together
Plausibility:
l Possibility to happen
l a good novel or short story should be plausible to happen in real life
Point of View
l Participant
l Narrator introduces him/herself as a character
l 1st person narrator
l Narrator as major character
l Narrator as minor character
l Non-participant
l Narrator does not introduce him/herself as a character
l 3rd person narrator
l Omniscient (the eye-of-God technique)
l Selected omniscient
l Objective (camera/fly-on-the wall technique)
Style
- Grammatical Structure (in Narration and Dialogues)
l Standard, or and Non-standard
- Sentence Construction (in Narration and Dialogues)
l Long, or and Short
- Diction
l Special Expression
l Special Term
l Dialect
l Accent
l Borrowings
4. Figurative Language
l Simile
l Metaphor
l Personification
l Hyperbole, etc
5. Imagery and Symbols
l Anything that appeals to the senses
Something that stands for something else
Theme
l The meaning of the plot
l A statement, or a proposition
l Full predication (consists at least of a subject and predicate)
l Different from SUBJECT MATTER
l Deals with the message that the author wants to deliver to the audience
One plot may have more than one theme
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